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THE RATIONALIZING OF DESIGN
設計的合理化
Anton C. Harfmann
School of Architecture and Environment Design
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York
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The study of design attempts to externalize intuitive knowledge held by designers.
As more knowledge is externalized, the process becomes more complex and fragmented.
這個關於設計的研究企圖將設計者所持有的直覺力知識具體化。隨著越來越多的知識具體化，這些過程變的更加複雜與瑣碎。
Computers offer the ability to reconstruct design as a wholistic process, but what is still unclear is the degree to which computers can or should be involved.
電腦提供能力來重建整個設計過程, 但是仍然不明確的部分在於電腦可以做到哪些事情或是應該是包含的程度。
The issues raised in the paper address the
core of the creative process itself and questions its computability.
在報告中被提出的各研究主題，定位了創造力過程的核心並且探尋創造力的可運算性。
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INTRODUCTION 介紹
Design has long been considered a uniquely human process that relies on intuition, experience, and judgment of the designer.
設計一直以來被認為是人類所墉有一項獨特的能力，構築在設記者的直覺、經驗、與判斷力之上。
intuition 直觀(能力),直覺[U]
The study of design as a process can be viewed as an effort to rationalize and externalize (or explicate) the knowledge necessary for its conduct .
此向關於設計之研究過程可被視為對於具體化與合理化此學科的必要性所做的努力。
(翻不太出來...)
Externalization of design knowledge has increased the predictability and consistency of design processes, but has also tended to fragment the wholistic process or design into
discrete sub-disciplines.
設計知識的具體化持續地增加設計過程的可預測性與一致性，但是也傾向於將整全過程或是設計分割成個別的副領域。
Efforts to define how design is actually carried out
can be understood as attempts to試圖 shed light散發光 on the "black box" process that transforms a problem statement into a design solution
[Jones 1969]
眾多困難之處在於定義設計實際上如何被計算，這可被理解為試圖解讀黑盒子內容的過程，也就是將問題轉化為設計方案的過程。
A review of the major developments in design methodology illustrates how the externalization of designers’ knowledge has brought about rationalization of the process.
一個在設計方法學的主要主題的評論中，描述了設計者的知識具體化將如何持續地帶來有關此過程的合理性。
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UNITY OF PROCESS AND KNOWLEDGE
程序與工法知識的整合
Before the 15th century, design was a craft process of solving a problem
through the actual creation of an artifact手工藝品.
在15世紀之前，設計是一種手工藝製造程序，用以解決在實際創造手工藝品的問題。
The knowledge required to create the design was held solely by the craftsman or the artist.
這項知識過去要求創造設計必須被工藝家或是藝術家所獨占。
The process was controlled intuitively and followed the simple sequence of problem definition - design solution.
工藝品的製造程序被直覺地控制而且遵循簡明的一系列問題定義：設計方法
intuitively: [ ] 直覺地;直觀地
sequence of 一系列的
In complex situations, such as the creation of large buildings, this
method of solving problems "in the field" led to the development of a series of sub-problems (Figure 2).
在某些複雜的情況下，像是巨大建築物的創作，當這種解決問題的方法用於
"這個領域(DESIGN)"的這個題目上時，會引導出一系列的次級問題[圖二]
These sub-problems were solved by experienced craftsmen as they emerged based on knowledge accumulated through years of practice and techniques passed down through the history of their crafts (masonry石工, carpentry木工, goldsmithing金工, etc.).
這些次級問題將會被經驗豐富工藝家解決，除了經過多年的練習之外，他們還傳承了前人的技術。他們將會從過去的創作中，像是石工、木工、金工當中找到解決的方法。
accumulate 累積 VT.VI.
pass down 流傳
Each of these craftsmen individually held very specific knowledge about products and the processes relating to their area of expertise.
每一個工藝家都分別地擁有在自己專精領域中，關於產品與製造流程的專業知識。
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ABSTRACTION AND FRAGMENTATION
Externalization and transmission of design knowledge has occurred throughout history by apprenticeship or the documentation of rules, such as the Ten Books of Architecture by Vitruvius.
經由學徒與法則文件，像是Vitruvius的建築十書，
設計知識的具體化與傳撥持續地發生在歷史當中。
externalization 具現化 N
apprenticeship 學徒、見習期 N
throughout 貫穿、遍佈 V
However, the first major step in externalizing the design process itself occurred during the Renaissance,when theoreticians sought to synthesize humanistic, philosophic ideals with practical knowledge about the building crafts.
設計程序第一個重要具體化時期發生在文藝復興時期，當時的理論家在humanistic 人文主義與philosophic 哲學中找尋理念，並且兩者的理想與製作工藝品的知識相結合，融合成具實用價值的理想典範。
Renaissance 文藝復興
humanistic 人文主義
philosophic 哲學
theoretician 理論家
synthesize 合成、綜何 VT
sought seek 的過去分詞
practical 有實用價值的 A
With the emergence of perspective, this era saw architects like Brunelleschi 連結2using accurate drawings and scale models to examine solutions prior to the actual construction of buildings.
隨著透視法的出現，這個時代分割出了像是Brunelleschi的建築家。在實際施工前，他使用精確的寫實素描與比例模型來檢視建築物結構。
emergence 出現 N.
perspective 透視法 N.觀點、洞察力、前景
accurate 準確的;精確的 +in / at.
examine 仔細檢視
solutions 解決方法
prior[ ] 優先的、更重要的
Renaissance architects solicited professional technical consultation from various trades to improve the quality and utility of their proposed designs [Ettlinger 1977].
文藝復興時期的建築師從形形色色的交流當中，徵求專業的技術諮詢以增進他們提出的設計作品之品質與實用價值。
solicit 徵求、引發、誘引、請求、徵集
utility 實用物品、公營事業 N. 通用的 公營的 A.
The separation of the architect from the builder marked the beginning of design problem-solving as an abstract process removed from the manufacturing of the object (Figure 3).
土木工程師與建築師的分化摽誌了設計方法的開端，正如同純理論程序從製造業當中分離出來。
abstract 抽象的 純理論的
manufacturing 製造業
The use of scale drawings and models to represent design intentions resulted in a major change in the sequence of the design process as previously practiced; a solution could now be generated, at least conceptually, in an abstracted, accurately proportioned form, and reviewed by the related craftsmen prior to its actual construction.
比例製圖與比例模型的在設計表現計法上的功能，導致了一系列的設計程序重大的改變，像是預先反覆檢討：產生一個解決方案，至少在概念上、抽象概念上，精確符合比例的造型，並且在實際建構前必須與相關的工藝家團隊討論。
intentions 意圖,意向,目的
sequence 一連串的 A
previously 事前 AD
generate 引起 產生(光電能)... 生殖
conceptually 概念上 accurately 精確無誤地
With problems of increased complexity, the craft methods or solving
problems proved to be too expensive and too slow [Alexander 1964].
隨著工藝品複雜度不斷提高而產生的許多問題，傳統手工藝品的製造工法被證明了是太昂貴且緩慢的。
Abstraction of the designed object, therefore, allowed a series of iterations to be performed for the purpose of refining the product.
經過設計的抽象主題使得整個工作程序可以反覆的運作，如此可以提升產品產出時的品質。
Performed (機器)運轉
iterations 反覆 N.
This iterative process suggests a further externalization of design, which includes the ability to change tile solution based upon the analysis of experienced craftsmen.
這種反覆檢討的流程啟發了進一步的設計具方法體化，
其中包括了基於熟練工匠的分析能力而能改變鋪磚結果的技能。
Iterative design, which evolved from the trial and error methods of the
past, has been modeled as a generate test cycle within the abstraction space of the proposed solution [Simon 1969] (Figure 4).
設計循環：從過去的嚐試與錯誤方法中逐漸發展出的一個設計模式，
就像是產生一個在有目的性的抽象空間中不斷測試的循環。
evolved使逐漸形成; 使發展
trial 實驗 磨練 審問 努力嘗試 V
within 在…範圍內
Iterative methods were used, although perhaps not formally, by Sir Christopher Wren in the design of St. Paul's Cathedral, where several physical scale models were built and studied to improve and develop design ideas (Wilton-Ely 1977].
這種反覆檢驗的方法被Christopher用來設計聖保羅大教堂，他做了許多實體縮比模型並且對其進行研究以發展設計概念。
The development of means to mathematically describe the laws of nature increased the architect's ability to externalize and model design knowledge.
這項發展的意義代表了數學地描述這些自然法則，增進了建築師將設計知識具體化與模組化的能力。
The formulation of very specialized, sophisticated knowledge, and the
development of engineering disciplines, brought further levels of separation to the design process.
高度發展的公式化法則、大量的知識與工程技術的發展，造成設計方法再一次的分割。
Formulation 公式化的表述、規劃
Sophisticated 精密的、高度發展的、世故的 富有經驗的;精通的
The expansion of design knowledge has resulted in the sub division of the process into discrete disciplines controlled by "experts."
設計知識的擴張造成其附屬的領域分離成幾個被掌握在專家手上的學科。
Expansion 擴張
discrete分離的;不連接的【哲】抽象的
Discipline訓練N.VT 修養 學科 紀律 N懲戒V
The effect this compartmentalization has had on the design process is made obvious in the numerous disciplines currently required to cooperate in the design and construction of a complex building (Figure 5).
這個知識分離的影響上造成現在要設計並建築複雜建築物時，在整個過程中必須要有這些分離的學科相互合作。
□ DESIGN METHODS
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The next phase in the externalization process was brought about by the
development of design methods that formalized and structured design
knowledge itself.
下一個具體化時期是由設計方法的正式化與設計知識結構化本身所帶來。
The design process has been categorized into basic methods for the
evaluation, generation, and selection of alternative solutions.
設計程序被歸納成幾個基礎方法，分別是概念發展、概念評量與決策方法三類。
Categorized使列入...的範疇;將...分類 VT
evaluation估價,評價;估算 N
alternative 若干之中的一個選擇
The simplest (and hence the first最開端的點) areas to be formalized are
the evaluation procedures that are based on mathematical and physical principles.
These include cost, structure, lighting, and energy analysis.
設計方法的定型化開端於數學上與物理法則上的評量程序，這些包括了成本、
力學結構、照明與能量的分析。
Methods that have been developed to generate alternative solutions range
from very structured and systematic procedures, such as morphological
analysis, to intuitive and less structured methods such as brainstorming
[Jones 1969].
設計方法從當中有系統、有組織的步驟，擴展成可發展複數方案的學問，
像是型態分析學。也發展出了較倚靠直覺能力的方法，像是腦力激盪。
Morphological形態學的;形態的
Procedures程序;手續;步驟
Other methods attempt to employ rules or patterns that define
solutions to certain specific design problems
[Alexander 1977, Koning1981].
另外還有試圖使用設計原則或設計樣式來定義某些設計問題的方法。
Patterns樣式 模式
The formalization of the process in which an alternative is selected
requires a search for the solution that best satisfies the overall goals and
objectives of the problem. Techniques that have been developed for this
purpose involve the search through a network of possible alternative
solutions for an acceptable solution [Winston 1984].
決定設計決策時必須深入研究，挑出來的方案最好要能夠滿足
所有設計目標和各個客觀問題。
滿足正確決策方法的技術發展，包含研究這些由可能性交織而成的網狀知識的方法，
並且此方法可在這些可能性中挑選一個適切的解決方案。
Satisfies 滿足
Objective 客觀的目標N
The strengths of formal design methods lie in their ability to structure
and document various specific aspects of design. However, the vast amount
of information that must be made explicit has hindered the designer's ability
to maintain control over the process as a whole [Jones 1970].
制度化設計方法的力量在於組織各個設計面向與替各個設計領域提出背書。
然而鉅量的知識已經越來越詳細，妨礙到設計者維持對全部設計過程的控制。
Document 用文件證明 VT 為...提供文件(或證據等) VT
Aspects 觀點
Vast 巨大的,龐大的，大量的,巨額的
Explicit 詳盡的;清楚的;明確的 直率的
Maintain維持;保持;使繼續 維修 堅持 保衛
Computer Aided Design Computers have been introduced to aid in the management of profuse and fragmented information externalized through the study of design. Some of the first intentions were to use the computer for the total automation of design [Cross 1977].
電腦被引進設計領域，用來管理因設計研究而具體化的大量瑣碎資料。
最初的目的是使用電腦來達成設計完全自動化。
Profuse過多的
Automation自動化(技術);自動操作
The first “successful” use of computers was in procedures where large amounts of numbers and equations were easily managed, such as structural and energy analysis, relieving designers from tedious tasks.
電腦輔助設計的第一次成功是在幾個步驟內，大量的數字和方程式都能夠簡單的管理，像是結構力學和能源分析，電腦把設計師從乏味的任務中解救出來。
Relieve緩和,減輕;解除
Task 任務 苦差事N 派給...(特別)任務VT
The next major advancement in CAD tools came about with the development of computer graphics [Sutherland 1963], which resulted in tools that are currently used for drafting by many designers.
電腦輔助設計工具的下一個主要進展，在電腦製圖的發展期來臨。
成熟的電腦繪圖軟體，現在成為許多設計師習於使用的工具。
This use of computers, however, is very limited, and does not affect the actual process of design, except by reducing the time required to communicate the design ideas [Orr 1985].
然而電腦可以做的事情是非常有限的，實際上對於設計沒有產生影響，只除了減少溝通設計概念的時間需求。
Because this use was recognized as an underutilization of the potential of computers, three dimensional modeling systems were developed.
因為這項功能，電腦被認為是未受到充分利用的、尚有其他可能性的，因此發展了三維建模系統。
underutilization 未充分利用的;使用不當的 underused
potential 潛力
These systems increase the efficiency of design process by allowing the design to review design solutions in three dimensions without the need to construct physical scale models.
3D建模增加了設計的工作效率，因為從設計到檢視設計成果的過程當中，3D建模不需要真的製作縮比模型。
The Computer is still viewed in this use as merely another medium for the representation and review of design solutions.
電腦在此仍然僅僅被視為另一個表現設計成果與檢視設計成果的媒介罷了。
The development of CAD tools to date has utilized利用 the existing body of externalized design knowledge for computing various aspects方向,方位of the process.
電腦輔助設計發展到今日，一直是利用已存在的設計知識具體化架構當中的各個面向。
It is obvious that computers are not a new method of design, but rather a means to facilitate the existing established methods.
很明顯的電腦不是一種新的設計方法，而是讓已經存在的方法更加便於使用的工具。
Facilitate促進;幫助
It is also clear that design knowledge must be externalized before it is computed.
而且很明顯的，設計知識在被量化之前必須要先被具體化。
In reviewing the current status of design process, we notice a much more comprehensive and complicated process than the first craft model presented.
檢討現今設計流程的情況，我們會注意到比起第一個工藝模型發表時，更加廣泛且複雜的流程。
Comprehensive廣泛的;無所不包的;綜合的
Instead a person controlling the process and the creation of the product,
the current model involves control and integration of several areas of knowledge held by different professionals.
現代設計流程的模式整合了數個不同領域專家所擁有的知識，取代了以往由一個人負責全部設計過程與產品製作的方式。
Integration整合;完成
Additional complications arise in that the product itself is constructed by a different set of professionals who have had very little input during the abstract design phase.
產品增加的複雜度是來自不同領域的專業人員在不同設計流程的一點點投入。
In order to cope with this separation of knowledge, several researchers have suggested an extended use of computer that would facilitate the integration of large amounts of information generated during the design process.
[Mitchell 1977; Eastman 1985; Kalay 1985; Coyne& Gero 1986]
為了妥善處理知識上的紛歧，許多研究者建議擴展使用電腦的功能，把它用來整合設計過程中產生的大量資訊，讓這些資訊更便於利用。
To be effective, these approaches must work at several levels of abstraction simultaneously and must be as flexible as human design process.
為了要有效率，這些步驟必須同時在不同領域的流程中運作，而且必要像人類的設計過程般有彈性。
These capacities would transform computers from their current use as design aids to “intelligent” machines capable of assisting in the creative aspects of design and would aid in the reconstruction of design as a wholistic process.
這些能力將把電腦從現今的輔助設計工具轉化成在創造方面有助益的”智慧機械”。
並且也有助於重新建構整個設計流程。
Future Directions
The progression of the study of design has been presented as a continuum from an intuitive, understand activity, to present attempts to explicitly define and compute certain aspects of design knowledge.
設計研究的進步已經被認為是一個連續性的發展，由直覺性、熟練的行為轉化成傾向對於某設計領域有明著確定義和設計知識。
Explicitly明白地;明確地
It seems inevitable that further externalization of design process will occur, and that the use of computers in design will expand.
設計流程再次具體化的發生似乎是不可避免的，而且以後電腦在設計方面的用途也會擴張。
Many issues concerning the incorporation of computers into design remain obscured by controversy over the “computability” of inherently human processes.
許多有關電腦的進入設計界合作的議題仍然被關於人類天生設計力的可運算性爭議所遮擋而不現。
Inherently天性地;固有地
Controversy 爭論 N
If we accept the potential computability of design process, will the final step in externalization be the total automation of process?
假如我們接受了設計過程可能的計算性，設計具體化的最後階段會是全自動電腦設計嗎?
Some argue that as lone as design is viewed as problem solving, all aspects could be computed.
有些人主張只要設計被當成是解決問題的方法，所有的事情就都能夠被計算出來。
Other maintain that design (when viewed as art) defies computability, since art by definition cannot be computed.
另一些人認為設計當中的藝術性蔑視了其可運算性，因為藝術是被定義成不可計算的。
defy公然反抗,蔑視 VT 挑戰 惹
The issues raised here address nothing less than the Core of creativity. Can or should creativity be externalized? Can or should it be computed?
這些主題在此被提出來就是在討論創造力的核心。
創造力到底是可以被具體化還是應該被具體化?
創造力到底是可以被計算還是應該被計算?
設計的合理化
Anton C. Harfmann
School of Architecture and Environment Design
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York
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The study of design attempts to externalize intuitive knowledge held by designers.
As more knowledge is externalized, the process becomes more complex and fragmented.
這個關於設計的研究企圖將設計者所持有的直覺力知識具體化。隨著越來越多的知識具體化，這些過程變的更加複雜與瑣碎。
Computers offer the ability to reconstruct design as a wholistic process, but what is still unclear is the degree to which computers can or should be involved.
電腦提供能力來重建整個設計過程, 但是仍然不明確的部分在於電腦可以做到哪些事情或是應該是包含的程度。
The issues raised in the paper address the
core of the creative process itself and questions its computability.
在報告中被提出的各研究主題，定位了創造力過程的核心並且探尋創造力的可運算性。
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INTRODUCTION 介紹
Design has long been considered a uniquely human process that relies on intuition, experience, and judgment of the designer.
設計一直以來被認為是人類所墉有一項獨特的能力，構築在設記者的直覺、經驗、與判斷力之上。
intuition 直觀(能力),直覺[U]
The study of design as a process can be viewed as an effort to rationalize and externalize (or explicate) the knowledge necessary for its conduct .
此向關於設計之研究過程可被視為對於具體化與合理化此學科的必要性所做的努力。
(翻不太出來...)
Externalization of design knowledge has increased the predictability and consistency of design processes, but has also tended to fragment the wholistic process or design into
discrete sub-disciplines.
設計知識的具體化持續地增加設計過程的可預測性與一致性，但是也傾向於將整全過程或是設計分割成個別的副領域。
Efforts to define how design is actually carried out
can be understood as attempts to試圖 shed light散發光 on the "black box" process that transforms a problem statement into a design solution
[Jones 1969]
眾多困難之處在於定義設計實際上如何被計算，這可被理解為試圖解讀黑盒子內容的過程，也就是將問題轉化為設計方案的過程。
A review of the major developments in design methodology illustrates how the externalization of designers’ knowledge has brought about rationalization of the process.
一個在設計方法學的主要主題的評論中，描述了設計者的知識具體化將如何持續地帶來有關此過程的合理性。
----------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITY OF PROCESS AND KNOWLEDGE
程序與工法知識的整合
Before the 15th century, design was a craft process of solving a problem
through the actual creation of an artifact手工藝品.
在15世紀之前，設計是一種手工藝製造程序，用以解決在實際創造手工藝品的問題。
The knowledge required to create the design was held solely by the craftsman or the artist.
這項知識過去要求創造設計必須被工藝家或是藝術家所獨占。
The process was controlled intuitively and followed the simple sequence of problem definition - design solution.
工藝品的製造程序被直覺地控制而且遵循簡明的一系列問題定義：設計方法
intuitively: [ ] 直覺地;直觀地
sequence of 一系列的
In complex situations, such as the creation of large buildings, this
method of solving problems "in the field" led to the development of a series of sub-problems (Figure 2).
在某些複雜的情況下，像是巨大建築物的創作，當這種解決問題的方法用於
"這個領域(DESIGN)"的這個題目上時，會引導出一系列的次級問題[圖二]
These sub-problems were solved by experienced craftsmen as they emerged based on knowledge accumulated through years of practice and techniques passed down through the history of their crafts (masonry石工, carpentry木工, goldsmithing金工, etc.).
這些次級問題將會被經驗豐富工藝家解決，除了經過多年的練習之外，他們還傳承了前人的技術。他們將會從過去的創作中，像是石工、木工、金工當中找到解決的方法。
accumulate 累積 VT.VI.
pass down 流傳
Each of these craftsmen individually held very specific knowledge about products and the processes relating to their area of expertise.
每一個工藝家都分別地擁有在自己專精領域中，關於產品與製造流程的專業知識。
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACTION AND FRAGMENTATION
Externalization and transmission of design knowledge has occurred throughout history by apprenticeship or the documentation of rules, such as the Ten Books of Architecture by Vitruvius.
經由學徒與法則文件，像是Vitruvius的建築十書，
設計知識的具體化與傳撥持續地發生在歷史當中。
externalization 具現化 N
apprenticeship 學徒、見習期 N
throughout 貫穿、遍佈 V
However, the first major step in externalizing the design process itself occurred during the Renaissance,when theoreticians sought to synthesize humanistic, philosophic ideals with practical knowledge about the building crafts.
設計程序第一個重要具體化時期發生在文藝復興時期，當時的理論家在humanistic 人文主義與philosophic 哲學中找尋理念，並且兩者的理想與製作工藝品的知識相結合，融合成具實用價值的理想典範。
Renaissance 文藝復興
humanistic 人文主義
philosophic 哲學
theoretician 理論家
synthesize 合成、綜何 VT
sought seek 的過去分詞
practical 有實用價值的 A
With the emergence of perspective, this era saw architects like Brunelleschi 連結2using accurate drawings and scale models to examine solutions prior to the actual construction of buildings.
隨著透視法的出現，這個時代分割出了像是Brunelleschi的建築家。在實際施工前，他使用精確的寫實素描與比例模型來檢視建築物結構。
emergence 出現 N.
perspective 透視法 N.觀點、洞察力、前景
accurate 準確的;精確的 +in / at.
examine 仔細檢視
solutions 解決方法
prior[ ] 優先的、更重要的
Renaissance architects solicited professional technical consultation from various trades to improve the quality and utility of their proposed designs [Ettlinger 1977].
文藝復興時期的建築師從形形色色的交流當中，徵求專業的技術諮詢以增進他們提出的設計作品之品質與實用價值。
solicit 徵求、引發、誘引、請求、徵集
utility 實用物品、公營事業 N. 通用的 公營的 A.
The separation of the architect from the builder marked the beginning of design problem-solving as an abstract process removed from the manufacturing of the object (Figure 3).
土木工程師與建築師的分化摽誌了設計方法的開端，正如同純理論程序從製造業當中分離出來。
abstract 抽象的 純理論的
manufacturing 製造業
The use of scale drawings and models to represent design intentions resulted in a major change in the sequence of the design process as previously practiced; a solution could now be generated, at least conceptually, in an abstracted, accurately proportioned form, and reviewed by the related craftsmen prior to its actual construction.
比例製圖與比例模型的在設計表現計法上的功能，導致了一系列的設計程序重大的改變，像是預先反覆檢討：產生一個解決方案，至少在概念上、抽象概念上，精確符合比例的造型，並且在實際建構前必須與相關的工藝家團隊討論。
intentions 意圖,意向,目的
sequence 一連串的 A
previously 事前 AD
generate 引起 產生(光電能)... 生殖
conceptually 概念上 accurately 精確無誤地
With problems of increased complexity, the craft methods or solving
problems proved to be too expensive and too slow [Alexander 1964].
隨著工藝品複雜度不斷提高而產生的許多問題，傳統手工藝品的製造工法被證明了是太昂貴且緩慢的。
Abstraction of the designed object, therefore, allowed a series of iterations to be performed for the purpose of refining the product.
經過設計的抽象主題使得整個工作程序可以反覆的運作，如此可以提升產品產出時的品質。
Performed (機器)運轉
iterations 反覆 N.
This iterative process suggests a further externalization of design, which includes the ability to change tile solution based upon the analysis of experienced craftsmen.
這種反覆檢討的流程啟發了進一步的設計具方法體化，
其中包括了基於熟練工匠的分析能力而能改變鋪磚結果的技能。
Iterative design, which evolved from the trial and error methods of the
past, has been modeled as a generate test cycle within the abstraction space of the proposed solution [Simon 1969] (Figure 4).
設計循環：從過去的嚐試與錯誤方法中逐漸發展出的一個設計模式，
就像是產生一個在有目的性的抽象空間中不斷測試的循環。
evolved使逐漸形成; 使發展
trial 實驗 磨練 審問 努力嘗試 V
within 在…範圍內
Iterative methods were used, although perhaps not formally, by Sir Christopher Wren in the design of St. Paul's Cathedral, where several physical scale models were built and studied to improve and develop design ideas (Wilton-Ely 1977].
這種反覆檢驗的方法被Christopher用來設計聖保羅大教堂，他做了許多實體縮比模型並且對其進行研究以發展設計概念。
The development of means to mathematically describe the laws of nature increased the architect's ability to externalize and model design knowledge.
這項發展的意義代表了數學地描述這些自然法則，增進了建築師將設計知識具體化與模組化的能力。
The formulation of very specialized, sophisticated knowledge, and the
development of engineering disciplines, brought further levels of separation to the design process.
高度發展的公式化法則、大量的知識與工程技術的發展，造成設計方法再一次的分割。
Formulation 公式化的表述、規劃
Sophisticated 精密的、高度發展的、世故的 富有經驗的;精通的
The expansion of design knowledge has resulted in the sub division of the process into discrete disciplines controlled by "experts."
設計知識的擴張造成其附屬的領域分離成幾個被掌握在專家手上的學科。
Expansion 擴張
discrete分離的;不連接的【哲】抽象的
Discipline訓練N.VT 修養 學科 紀律 N懲戒V
The effect this compartmentalization has had on the design process is made obvious in the numerous disciplines currently required to cooperate in the design and construction of a complex building (Figure 5).
這個知識分離的影響上造成現在要設計並建築複雜建築物時，在整個過程中必須要有這些分離的學科相互合作。
□ DESIGN METHODS
-------------------------------------
The next phase in the externalization process was brought about by the
development of design methods that formalized and structured design
knowledge itself.
下一個具體化時期是由設計方法的正式化與設計知識結構化本身所帶來。
The design process has been categorized into basic methods for the
evaluation, generation, and selection of alternative solutions.
設計程序被歸納成幾個基礎方法，分別是概念發展、概念評量與決策方法三類。
Categorized使列入...的範疇;將...分類 VT
evaluation估價,評價;估算 N
alternative 若干之中的一個選擇
The simplest (and hence the first最開端的點) areas to be formalized are
the evaluation procedures that are based on mathematical and physical principles.
These include cost, structure, lighting, and energy analysis.
設計方法的定型化開端於數學上與物理法則上的評量程序，這些包括了成本、
力學結構、照明與能量的分析。
Methods that have been developed to generate alternative solutions range
from very structured and systematic procedures, such as morphological
analysis, to intuitive and less structured methods such as brainstorming
[Jones 1969].
設計方法從當中有系統、有組織的步驟，擴展成可發展複數方案的學問，
像是型態分析學。也發展出了較倚靠直覺能力的方法，像是腦力激盪。
Morphological形態學的;形態的
Procedures程序;手續;步驟
Other methods attempt to employ rules or patterns that define
solutions to certain specific design problems
[Alexander 1977, Koning1981].
另外還有試圖使用設計原則或設計樣式來定義某些設計問題的方法。
Patterns樣式 模式
The formalization of the process in which an alternative is selected
requires a search for the solution that best satisfies the overall goals and
objectives of the problem. Techniques that have been developed for this
purpose involve the search through a network of possible alternative
solutions for an acceptable solution [Winston 1984].
決定設計決策時必須深入研究，挑出來的方案最好要能夠滿足
所有設計目標和各個客觀問題。
滿足正確決策方法的技術發展，包含研究這些由可能性交織而成的網狀知識的方法，
並且此方法可在這些可能性中挑選一個適切的解決方案。
Satisfies 滿足
Objective 客觀的目標N
The strengths of formal design methods lie in their ability to structure
and document various specific aspects of design. However, the vast amount
of information that must be made explicit has hindered the designer's ability
to maintain control over the process as a whole [Jones 1970].
制度化設計方法的力量在於組織各個設計面向與替各個設計領域提出背書。
然而鉅量的知識已經越來越詳細，妨礙到設計者維持對全部設計過程的控制。
Document 用文件證明 VT 為...提供文件(或證據等) VT
Aspects 觀點
Vast 巨大的,龐大的，大量的,巨額的
Explicit 詳盡的;清楚的;明確的 直率的
Maintain維持;保持;使繼續 維修 堅持 保衛
Computer Aided Design Computers have been introduced to aid in the management of profuse and fragmented information externalized through the study of design. Some of the first intentions were to use the computer for the total automation of design [Cross 1977].
電腦被引進設計領域，用來管理因設計研究而具體化的大量瑣碎資料。
最初的目的是使用電腦來達成設計完全自動化。
Profuse過多的
Automation自動化(技術);自動操作
The first “successful” use of computers was in procedures where large amounts of numbers and equations were easily managed, such as structural and energy analysis, relieving designers from tedious tasks.
電腦輔助設計的第一次成功是在幾個步驟內，大量的數字和方程式都能夠簡單的管理，像是結構力學和能源分析，電腦把設計師從乏味的任務中解救出來。
Relieve緩和,減輕;解除
Task 任務 苦差事N 派給...(特別)任務VT
The next major advancement in CAD tools came about with the development of computer graphics [Sutherland 1963], which resulted in tools that are currently used for drafting by many designers.
電腦輔助設計工具的下一個主要進展，在電腦製圖的發展期來臨。
成熟的電腦繪圖軟體，現在成為許多設計師習於使用的工具。
This use of computers, however, is very limited, and does not affect the actual process of design, except by reducing the time required to communicate the design ideas [Orr 1985].
然而電腦可以做的事情是非常有限的，實際上對於設計沒有產生影響，只除了減少溝通設計概念的時間需求。
Because this use was recognized as an underutilization of the potential of computers, three dimensional modeling systems were developed.
因為這項功能，電腦被認為是未受到充分利用的、尚有其他可能性的，因此發展了三維建模系統。
underutilization 未充分利用的;使用不當的 underused
potential 潛力
These systems increase the efficiency of design process by allowing the design to review design solutions in three dimensions without the need to construct physical scale models.
3D建模增加了設計的工作效率，因為從設計到檢視設計成果的過程當中，3D建模不需要真的製作縮比模型。
The Computer is still viewed in this use as merely another medium for the representation and review of design solutions.
電腦在此仍然僅僅被視為另一個表現設計成果與檢視設計成果的媒介罷了。
The development of CAD tools to date has utilized利用 the existing body of externalized design knowledge for computing various aspects方向,方位of the process.
電腦輔助設計發展到今日，一直是利用已存在的設計知識具體化架構當中的各個面向。
It is obvious that computers are not a new method of design, but rather a means to facilitate the existing established methods.
很明顯的電腦不是一種新的設計方法，而是讓已經存在的方法更加便於使用的工具。
Facilitate促進;幫助
It is also clear that design knowledge must be externalized before it is computed.
而且很明顯的，設計知識在被量化之前必須要先被具體化。
In reviewing the current status of design process, we notice a much more comprehensive and complicated process than the first craft model presented.
檢討現今設計流程的情況，我們會注意到比起第一個工藝模型發表時，更加廣泛且複雜的流程。
Comprehensive廣泛的;無所不包的;綜合的
Instead a person controlling the process and the creation of the product,
the current model involves control and integration of several areas of knowledge held by different professionals.
現代設計流程的模式整合了數個不同領域專家所擁有的知識，取代了以往由一個人負責全部設計過程與產品製作的方式。
Integration整合;完成
Additional complications arise in that the product itself is constructed by a different set of professionals who have had very little input during the abstract design phase.
產品增加的複雜度是來自不同領域的專業人員在不同設計流程的一點點投入。
In order to cope with this separation of knowledge, several researchers have suggested an extended use of computer that would facilitate the integration of large amounts of information generated during the design process.
[Mitchell 1977; Eastman 1985; Kalay 1985; Coyne& Gero 1986]
為了妥善處理知識上的紛歧，許多研究者建議擴展使用電腦的功能，把它用來整合設計過程中產生的大量資訊，讓這些資訊更便於利用。
To be effective, these approaches must work at several levels of abstraction simultaneously and must be as flexible as human design process.
為了要有效率，這些步驟必須同時在不同領域的流程中運作，而且必要像人類的設計過程般有彈性。
These capacities would transform computers from their current use as design aids to “intelligent” machines capable of assisting in the creative aspects of design and would aid in the reconstruction of design as a wholistic process.
這些能力將把電腦從現今的輔助設計工具轉化成在創造方面有助益的”智慧機械”。
並且也有助於重新建構整個設計流程。
Future Directions
The progression of the study of design has been presented as a continuum from an intuitive, understand activity, to present attempts to explicitly define and compute certain aspects of design knowledge.
設計研究的進步已經被認為是一個連續性的發展，由直覺性、熟練的行為轉化成傾向對於某設計領域有明著確定義和設計知識。
Explicitly明白地;明確地
It seems inevitable that further externalization of design process will occur, and that the use of computers in design will expand.
設計流程再次具體化的發生似乎是不可避免的，而且以後電腦在設計方面的用途也會擴張。
Many issues concerning the incorporation of computers into design remain obscured by controversy over the “computability” of inherently human processes.
許多有關電腦的進入設計界合作的議題仍然被關於人類天生設計力的可運算性爭議所遮擋而不現。
Inherently天性地;固有地
Controversy 爭論 N
If we accept the potential computability of design process, will the final step in externalization be the total automation of process?
假如我們接受了設計過程可能的計算性，設計具體化的最後階段會是全自動電腦設計嗎?
Some argue that as lone as design is viewed as problem solving, all aspects could be computed.
有些人主張只要設計被當成是解決問題的方法，所有的事情就都能夠被計算出來。
Other maintain that design (when viewed as art) defies computability, since art by definition cannot be computed.
另一些人認為設計當中的藝術性蔑視了其可運算性，因為藝術是被定義成不可計算的。
defy公然反抗,蔑視 VT 挑戰 惹
The issues raised here address nothing less than the Core of creativity. Can or should creativity be externalized? Can or should it be computed?
這些主題在此被提出來就是在討論創造力的核心。
創造力到底是可以被具體化還是應該被具體化?
創造力到底是可以被計算還是應該被計算?
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